C#网络通信

有关类

Dns.GetHostEntry(string) //Resolves a host name or IP address to an IPHostEntry instance
Dns.GetHostEntry(IPAddress) //Resolves an IP address to an IPHostEntry 
Dns.GetHostName() //返回本地主机名字符串
Dns.GetHostAddresses(string) //Resolves a host name or IP address,返回主机地址组
Dns.Resolve(string) //作用同一，现已不用。

The first 2 bytes of the underlying buffer are reserved for the AddressFamily enumerated value. When the SocketAddress is used to store a serialized IPEndPoint, the third and fourth bytes are used to store port number information. The next bytes are used to store the IP address. You can access any information within this underlying byte buffer by referring to its index position; the byte buffer uses zero-based indexing. You can also use the Family and Size properties to get the AddressFamily value and the buffer size, respectively. To view any of this information as a string, use the ToString method.

IP地址

IP地址分为IPv4和IPv6两大类。

IPv4有32位,可以用“点分十进制法”表示：
将IP地址分为4段，用十进制数表示，每段数字范围0-255，段与段之间用点隔开，如：159.226.1.1.
IPv6有128位,可以用"冒分十六进制法"表示:(两个十六进制数=1B)
格式X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X 分为八段，每段16位，4个十六进制数
规则：每个X的前导0可以省略；全为0的X可以压缩为“::”,但“::”只能出现一次。
内嵌IPv4地址表示法
为了实现IPv4-IPv6互通，IPv4地址会嵌入IPv6地址中，此时地址常表示为：X:X:X:X:X:X:d.d.d.d，前96b采用冒分十六进制表示，而最后32b地址则使用IPv4的点分十进制表示，例如::192.168.0.1与::FFFF:192.168.0.1就是两个典型的例子，注意在前96b中，压缩0位的方法依旧适用

IP地址可以视为网络标识号码与主机标识号码两部分，因此IP地址可分两部分组成，一部分为网络地址，另一部分为主机地址。IP地址分为A、B、C、D、E5类，它们适用的类型分别为：大型网络；中型网络；小型网络；多播地址；备用。常用的是B和C两类。
将IP地址分成了网络号和主机号两部分，设计者就必须决定每部分包含多少位。网络号的位数直接决定了可以分配的网络数（计算方法2网络号位数-2）；主机号的位数则决定了网络中最大的主机数（计算方法2主机号位数-2）。
互联网的IP地址由ICANN（Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers,互联网赋名和编号公司）组织管理。
InterNIC：负责美国及其他地区；
ENIC：负责欧洲地区；
APNIC（Asia Pacific Network Information Center）：负责亚太地区。

IP地址分为公有地址和私有地址。
公有地址（Public address）由Inter NIC（Internet Network Information Center因特网信息中心）负责。这些IP地址分配给注册并向Inter NIC提出申请的组织机构。通过它直接访问因特网。
私有地址
私有地址（Private address）属于非注册地址，专门为组织机构内部使用。
以下列出留用的内部私有地址
A类 10.0.0.0--10.255.255.255
B类 172.16.0.0--172.31.255.255
C类 192.168.0.0--192.168.255.255

最初设计互联网络时，为了便于寻址以及层次化构造网络，每个IP地址包括两个标识码（ID），即网络ID和主机ID。同一个物理网络上的所有主机都使用同一个网络ID，网络上的一个主机（包括网络上工作站，服务器和路由器等）有一个主机ID与其对应。Internet委员会定义了5种IP地址类型以适合不同容量的网络，即A类~E类。

特殊的IP地址:

Socket

If your application only requires one thread during execution, use the following methods, which are designed for synchronous operation mode.
If you are using a connection-oriented protocol such as TCP, your server can listen for connections using the Listen method. The Accept method processes any incoming connection requests and returns a Socket that you can use to communicate data with the remote host. Use this returned Socket to call the Send or Receive method. Call the Bind method prior to calling the Listen method if you want to specify the local IP address and port number. Use a port number of zero if you want the underlying service provider to assign a free port for you. If you want to connect to a listening host, call the Connect method. To communicate data, call the Send or Receive method.
If you are using a connectionless protocol such as UDP, you do not need to listen for connections at all. Call the ReceiveFrom method to accept any incoming datagrams. Use the SendTo method to send datagrams to a remote host.
To process communications using separate threads during execution, use the following methods, which are designed for asynchronous operation mode.
If you are using a connection-oriented protocol such as TCP, use the Socket, BeginConnect, and EndConnect methods to connect with a listening host. Use the BeginSend and EndSend or BeginReceive and EndReceive methods to communicate data asynchronously. Incoming connection requests can be processed using BeginAccept and EndAccept.
If you are using a connectionless protocol such as UDP, you can use BeginSendTo and EndSendTo to send datagrams, and BeginReceiveFrom and EndReceiveFrom to receive datagrams.
If you perform multiple asynchronous operations on a socket, they do not necessarily complete in the order in which they are started.
When you are finished sending and receiving data, use the Shutdown method to disable the Socket. After calling Shutdown, call the Close method to release all resources associated with the Socket.
The Socket class allows you to configure your Socket using the SetSocketOption method. Retrieve these settings using the GetSocketOption method.
Note
If you are writing a relatively simple application and do not require maximum performance, consider using TcpClient, TcpListener, and UdpClient. These classes provide a simpler and more user-friendly interface to Socket communications.

// Establish the local endpoint for the socket.
IPHostEntry ipHost = Dns.GetHostEntry(Dns.GetHostName());
IPAddress  ipAddr = ipHost.AddressList[0];
IPEndPoint ipEndPoint = new IPEndPoint(ipAddr, 11000);

// Create a TCP socket.
Socket client = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork,
        SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp);

// Connect the socket to the remote endpoint.
client.Connect(ipEndPoint);

// There is a text file test.txt located in the root directory.
string fileName = "C:\\test.txt";

// Send file fileName to remote device
Console.WriteLine("Sending {0} to the host.", fileName);
client.SendFile(fileName);

// Release the socket.
client.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both);
client.Close();

static void Connect(String server, String message) 
{
  try 
  {
    // Create a TcpClient.
    // Note, for this client to work you need to have a TcpServer 
    // connected to the same address as specified by the server, port
    // combination.
    Int32 port = 13000;
    TcpClient client = new TcpClient(server, port);
    
    // Translate the passed message into ASCII and store it as a Byte array.
    Byte[] data = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(message);         

    // Get a client stream for reading and writing.
   //  Stream stream = client.GetStream();
    
    NetworkStream stream = client.GetStream();

    // Send the message to the connected TcpServer. 
    stream.Write(data, 0, data.Length);

    Console.WriteLine("Sent: {0}", message);         

    // Receive the TcpServer.response.
    
    // Buffer to store the response bytes.
    data = new Byte[256];

    // String to store the response ASCII representation.
    String responseData = String.Empty;

    // Read the first batch of the TcpServer response bytes.
    Int32 bytes = stream.Read(data, 0, data.Length);
    responseData = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetString(data, 0, bytes);
    Console.WriteLine("Received: {0}", responseData);         

    // Close everything.
    stream.Close();         
    client.Close();         
  } 
  catch (ArgumentNullException e) 
  {
    Console.WriteLine("ArgumentNullException: {0}", e);
  } 
  catch (SocketException e) 
  {
    Console.WriteLine("SocketException: {0}", e);
  }
    
  Console.WriteLine("\n Press Enter to continue...");
  Console.Read();
}

class MyTcpListener
{
  public static void Main()
  { 
    TcpListener server=null;   
    try
    {
      // Set the TcpListener on port 13000.
      Int32 port = 13000;
      IPAddress localAddr = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1");
      
      // TcpListener server = new TcpListener(port);
      server = new TcpListener(localAddr, port);

      // Start listening for client requests.
      server.Start();
         
      // Buffer for reading data
      Byte[] bytes = new Byte[256];
      String data = null;

      // Enter the listening loop.
      while(true) 
      {
        Console.Write("Waiting for a connection... ");
        
        // Perform a blocking call to accept requests.
        // You could also user server.AcceptSocket() here.
        TcpClient client = server.AcceptTcpClient();            
        Console.WriteLine("Connected!");

        data = null;

        // Get a stream object for reading and writing
        NetworkStream stream = client.GetStream();

        int i;

        // Loop to receive all the data sent by the client.
        while((i = stream.Read(bytes, 0, bytes.Length))!=0) 
        {   
          // Translate data bytes to a ASCII string.
          data = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetString(bytes, 0, i);
          Console.WriteLine("Received: {0}", data);
       
          // Process the data sent by the client.
          data = data.ToUpper();

          byte[] msg = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(data);

          // Send back a response.
          stream.Write(msg, 0, msg.Length);
          Console.WriteLine("Sent: {0}", data);            
        }
         
        // Shutdown and end connection
        client.Close();
      }
    }
    catch(SocketException e)
    {
      Console.WriteLine("SocketException: {0}", e);
    }
    finally
    {
       // Stop listening for new clients.
       server.Stop();
    }

      
    Console.WriteLine("\nHit enter to continue...");
    Console.Read();
  }   
}

// This constructor arbitrarily assigns the local port number.
UdpClient udpClient = new UdpClient(11000);
    try{
         udpClient.Connect("www.contoso.com", 11000);

         // Sends a message to the host to which you have connected.
         Byte[] sendBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("Is anybody there?");
      
         udpClient.Send(sendBytes, sendBytes.Length);

         // Sends a message to a different host using optional hostname and port parameters.
         UdpClient udpClientB = new UdpClient();
         udpClientB.Send(sendBytes, sendBytes.Length, "AlternateHostMachineName", 11000);

         //IPEndPoint object will allow us to read datagrams sent from any source.
         IPEndPoint RemoteIpEndPoint = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, 0);

         // Blocks until a message returns on this socket from a remote host.
         Byte[] receiveBytes = udpClient.Receive(ref RemoteIpEndPoint); 
         string returnData = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(receiveBytes);
   
         // Uses the IPEndPoint object to determine which of these two hosts responded.
         Console.WriteLine("This is the message you received " +
    	                              returnData.ToString());
         Console.WriteLine("This message was sent from " +
                                     RemoteIpEndPoint.Address.ToString() +
                                     " on their port number " +
                                     RemoteIpEndPoint.Port.ToString());

          udpClient.Close();
          udpClientB.Close();
          
          }  
       catch (Exception e ) {
                  Console.WriteLine(e.ToString());
        }

参考资料

  1. 微软官方文档
  2. 百度百科
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